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Common Metals for CNC Machining – A Guide to Hardness, Strength, and Toughness

模型製作, 模型生產, 治具製作廠商, 模具製作廠商, 測試治具製作, 產品模型製作, 模型製作公司, 塑膠模型製作, 模型 翻模, 公仔模型製作, 公仔生產, 客 製 化模型 公仔, 樹脂公仔製作, 矽膠模具製作, pvc模型製作, 金屬模具製作, 模具製作廠商, 簡易模具製作, 塑膠模具製作流程, 矽膠模具製作, 模具開發流程, 模具設計, 塑膠模具製作流程, 模具加工流程, 汐紫模型, 3d列印代工推薦, 3d列印矽膠模具, 橡膠3d列印, 3d列印翻模, 矽膠 翻模 代 工, 3D 列印 代工 學生, 光固化代印價格, 3d列印模型, 3d列印模型製作, 3d列印公仔, 3d列印圖檔製作, 3d列印廠商, 大型3d列印代工

Common Metals for CNC Machining – A Guide to Hardness, Strength, and Toughness

Introduction

Metals are renowned for their excellent mechanical properties, making them a top choice for manufacturing strong and durable parts. Understanding the differences in hardness, strength, and toughness among different metals is fundamental to ensuring structural safety and performance. This article will explain the key mechanical properties of commonly used metals for CNC machining.

Detailed Explanation of the Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials

Overview of Crashworthiness (Impact Strength)
Metals generally possess excellent toughness, capable of absorbing significant impact energy before breaking. Therefore, their crashworthiness far surpasses that of most unmodified plastics. In general applications, unless extreme high-speed impact is required, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys offer very reliable impact resistance.

Stainless Steel (e.g., SUS304, SUS316)
Stainless steel has a high surface hardness (HRB 85), providing excellent resistance to wear and scratching. Its excellent yield strength (approximately 205 MPa) means it can withstand significant loads without permanent deformation. Stainless steel also offers excellent toughness, with an elongation at break of up to 40%, making it less susceptible to brittle fracture under stress.

Aluminum Alloy (e.g., AL6061, AL6063)
Aluminum alloy has a moderate hardness (HB 95). While its surface is not as wear-resistant as steel, it is sufficient for most applications. Its main advantage lies in its excellent strength-to-weight ratio. While its yield strength (approximately 276 MPa) is lower than that of stainless steel, its extremely light weight makes it highly structurally efficient. Aluminum alloy also has excellent ductility, with an elongation at break of approximately 10–12%, ensuring good toughness.

Magnesium Alloy (e.g., AZ91D, AZ31B)
Magnesium alloy is the lightest structural metal, with a hardness (HB 63) similar to that of aluminum alloy. Its yield strength (approximately 150 MPa) provides greater load-bearing capacity than many plastics, making it an ideal choice for achieving extreme lightweighting. Magnesium alloys also have good toughness, with an elongation at break of 3%, making them effective energy absorbers.

Key Terms

  • Hardness: This primarily measures a material’s resistance to scratches, abrasion, and indentation. Metals are typically tested using scales such as Rockwell or Vickers, with higher values ​​indicating a harder and more wear-resistant surface.
  • Yield Strength: This refers to the maximum stress a material can withstand before undergoing permanent (plastic) deformation. This is one of the most important parameters in structural design, determining the upper limit of a component’s load-bearing capacity.
  • Elongation at Break: This refers to the percentage increase in length of a material when stretched to fracture. This value is a key indicator of a material’s “toughness” or “ductility.” Higher values ​​indicate a material is less susceptible to brittle fracture.

Conclusion

When selecting a metal material, it’s important to weigh its properties based on the application scenario. If you are looking for extreme strength and wear resistance, stainless steel is the first choice; if you value the balance between lightweight and structural efficiency, aluminum alloy is the most widely used option; and when lightweight is the first priority, magnesium alloy can bring out the greatest advantages.